Gallstone disease

Stones in the gallbladder may cause right upper abdominal pain, nausea and bile duct blockage.

Gallstones are hard particles containing cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder. Asymptomatic stones may be monitored, while stones that cause pain or complications require treatment.

When to seek emergency care

If any of the following signs occur, call *3003 immediately — do not wait for a routine appointment:

  • Severe right upper abdominal pain with fever
  • Jaundice
  • Persistent vomiting
  • Dark urine and pale stool
  • Confusion with chills

What is it?

When a stone blocks the gallbladder outlet or the common bile duct, it can cause severe pain, jaundice, pancreatitis and infection.

Symptoms

  • Right upper abdominal pain
  • Pain after fatty food
  • Nausea
  • Pain spreading to the back
  • Bloating
  • Sometimes no symptoms

Causes & risk factors

  • Female sex
  • Age
  • Excess weight
  • Rapid weight loss
  • Pregnancy
  • Family history

Diagnosis

Diagnosis should not rely on one test alone. Symptoms, risk factors, physical examination and investigation results are interpreted together.

  • Abdominal ultrasound
  • Blood tests
  • MRCP in selected cases
  • ERCP assessment
  • Pancreatitis markers

Treatment approaches

Treatment is individualized according to disease severity, the patient’s overall condition, comorbidities and procedural risk.

  • Pain control
  • Gallbladder removal in symptomatic cases
  • ERCP for common bile duct stones
  • Biliary drainage in selected severe cases
  • Dietary guidance

How we help

Gallstone disease is evaluated from gastroenterology and surgery perspectives. With jaundice or bile duct blockage, endoscopic and interventional options are considered.

When a procedure may be needed

A procedure may be needed for bile duct blockage, cholangitis, pancreatitis or drainage before surgery.

Patient checklist

  • Note whether the pain is related to meals
  • Do not delay seeking care for fever or jaundice
  • Bring your ultrasound and blood test results
  • Do not start antibiotics on your own

FAQ

Is surgery always necessary when gallstones are present?

Asymptomatic stones are sometimes monitored. Surgical treatment is discussed when symptoms or complications are present.

Can a gallstone cause pancreatitis?

Yes. A stone that enters the common bile duct can cause inflammation of the pancreas.

Last updated:

Related department

Gastroenterology

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